Qualifications and Memberships

Professional Training

Prior to appointment, as Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon, Mr Tanner carried out three years of advanced sub-specialist training at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London and St Thomas' Hospital, London. During this period he gained expertise in the surgical and medical management of retinal disorders including macular surgery. He regularly gives regional and national lectures and has recently co-authored a post-graduate textbook and atlas “Diseases of the Ocular Fundus”. This textbook was awarded first prize as "Best Authored Textbook in 2005" by the Royal Society of Medicine and Royal Society of Authors.

His research interests and publications include phacoemulsification cataract surgery and many aspects of vitreo-retinal surgery including macular hole repair and high-resolution retinal imaging.

Higher Qualifications

• Medical Sciences with Biochemistry
• MB BS (Lond.) University of London, 1990
• ECFMG (USA) Certification, 1990
• FRCOphth. Fellowship of Royal College of Ophthalmologists, 1994
• CCST Certificate of Completion of Specialist Training, 1999

Membership of Professional Societies

• European Society of Retina Specialists - Euretina
• Fellow of Royal College of Ophthalmologists
• American Academy of Ophthalmology
• British Medical Association
• European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
• UKISCRS
• British and Eire Association of Vitreoretinal Surgeons
• Medical Defence Union
• European Vitreo-Retinal Society

Presentations

Scientific presentations:

• Houston, we have a problem! What to do when the vitreous does not lift off.
  I Papandreou, V Tanner
  British and Eire Association Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons, Annual Meeting, Durham 2017
• Myopic Foveoschisis
  I Papandreou, V Tanner
  British and Eire Association Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons, Annual Meeting, Durham 2017
• The relationship between vitrectomy surgery and zonular dehiscence
  J Doyle, V Tanner et al
  ARVO - ASIA, Australia, 2017

  23 gauge vitrectomy outcomes for proliferative diabetic retinopathy
  H Jenkins, V Tanner. Poster Presentation Euretina annual meeting, France, 2015

  23 gauge vitrectomy outcomes for proliferative diabetic retinopathy
  H Jenkins, V Tanner. Presentation BEAVRS annual meeting, 2015

• Vitrectomy for retained metallic foreign body
  H Jenkins, V Tanner. Presentation Southern British and Eire Association of Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons, Annual Meeting 2015
• Intralenticular injection of Ozurdex ! - Cataract Surgery
  L Thai, V Tanner. Presentation Southern British and Eire Association of Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons, Annual Meeting 2015
• Contributory surgeon, National Ophthalmic Database, Retinal detachment surgery outcomes, BEAVRS meeting, Edinburgh 2014
  
• Contributory surgeon, National ocriplasmin (Jetrea) survey
  BEAVRS meeting, Edinburgh 2014
  
• Complex Diabetic Vitrectomy
  H Jenkins, V Tanner
  British and Eire Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons Meeting, 2014
• BEAVRS results: the first 2000 cases - complexity adjusted results.
  Contributory Surgeon to presentation at EURETINA annual meeting.
  London. 2014
  
• Diabetic Vitrectomy - 5 year review of outcomes
  H Jenkins, V Tanner Southern
  British and Eire Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons Meeting, 2014
  
• Early experience with Ocriplasmin
  (Jetrea) H Jenkins, V Tanner Southern
  British and Eire Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons Meeting, 2014
• Safety day case vitreo-retinal surgery
  T Cochrane, V Tanner. Presentation Southern British and Eire Association of Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons, Annual Meeting 2013
• Next day review following Vitreo-Retinal Surgery
  T Cochrane, V Tanner. Presentation, British and Eire Association of Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons, Annual Meeting 2013
• Outcomes of Epiretinal Membrane Surgery over an 8 year period
  R Nath, V Tanner. Presentation Southern British and Eire Association of Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons, Annual Meeting Henley on Thames 2012
• Eccentric Macular Holes following Macular Surgery.
  K Xue, V Tanner. Presentation Southern British and Eire Association of Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons, Annual Meeting Henley on Thames 2012
• Artisan lens implant in aphakic vitrectomised eyes : in-vivo lens mobility study
  D Sanchez Chicharro, V Tanner Poster presentation. European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons. Prague. Feb 2012 and paper presentation at Southern British and Eire Association of Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons, Annual Meeting 2012.
• Macular oedema in retinal vein occlusion, the role of Ozurdex Steroid implants
  D Chicharro, V Tanner
  Southern BEAVRS meeting, 2011
  
• Analysis and background of coding practice for Vitreo-Retinal Surgical intervention.
  M Groppe, V Tanner
  British and Eire Association of Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons, Annual Meeting 2010.
  
• Retinal detachment - Quality of information available on the internet.
  M Groppe, V Tanner
  British and Eire Association of Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons, Amsterdam, 2009
  
• Epidemiology of VR surgery in the UK: Update on regional and seasonal variation.
  A El-Amir, V Tanner
  British and Eire Association of Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons, Amsterdam, 2009
  
• Recent advances in VR practice. Southern BEAVRS meeting.
  Brighton. 2009
• Optical Coherence Tomography of the effects of stromal hydration on clear corneal incision architecture
  United Kingdom & Ireland Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons, Brighton, 2008.
  
• Update - Twenty year trends in volume and geography of VR surgery
  British and Eire Association of VR surgeons. Reading 2008
• Sutureless 23g Vitrectomy techniques. Initial experience
  British and Eire Association of VR surgeons. Reading 2008
• Routine day case VR surgery – safety audit
  British and Eire Association of VR surgeons. 2007
• Ultrasound Biomicrospy of hydrated corneal wounds in routine cataract surgery
  European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Berlin 2008 UKISCRS, 2008
• Twenty year trends in volume and geography of VR surgery
  British and Eire Association of VR surgeons. 2007
• Outcome following Macular hole surgery using ILM peel and C2F6 gas
  et al V Tanner.
  Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Annual Congress. 2006
• Outcome following Macular hole surgery using ILM peel and C2F6 gas
  V Tanner et al.
  British and Eire Association of Vitreoretinal Surgeons. 2005
• One year experience with day case vitreo-retinal surgery.
  V Tanner et al.
  British and Eire Association of Vitreoretinal Surgeons. 2005
• Diseases of the Ocular Fundus
  Post Graduate textbook 2005
  Jack J. Kanski, Stanislaw MilewskiMD, Bertil Damato and Vaughan Tanner. Elsevier
  
• Is Day Case Vitreoretinal Surgery Safe?
  Desai A, Tanner V et al
  Poster presentation. Annual Congress of Ophthalmologists. Birmingham.2005.
• Globe perforation and repair
  Desai A, Tanner V
  Video presentation. Annual meeting American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. Washington. USA. 2005
• Techniques in the use of heavy silicone oil.
  Desai A, Tanner V.
  British and Eire Association of Vitreoretinal Surgeons. Manchester. 2004
• Day case Vitreoretinal Surgery
  M Parulear, V Tanner
  Southern Association of Vitreoretinal Surgeons. March 2004
• "Heavy" silicone oil for inferior retinal detachments
  A Desai, V Tanner
  Southern Association of Vitreoretinal Surgeons. March 2004
• Use of "Heavy Silicone oil"
  A Desai, V Tanner
  London Vitreoretinal Society, Moorfields Eye Hospital. Feb 2004
• Intravitreal Triamcinolone in cystoid macular oedema following cataract surgery
  V Tanner
  London Vitreoretinal Society. July 2003
• Use of vision Blue in Macular Hole surgery
  A Desai, V Tanner
  Southampton Vitreoretinal Meeting, March 2003
• Management of inferior retinal breaks during pars plana vitrectomy.
  Tanner V, Williamson TH.
  British and Eire association of Vitreoretinal Surgeons, Annual meeting. Newcastle. November 2000.
• The predictive value of vitreous pigment and symptomatology in posterior vitreous detachment.
  Tanner V, Harle D, Tan J, Williamson TH, Chignell AH.
  Clinical paper. Awarded Fellowship prize for best paper.
  British and Eire association of Vitreoretinal Surgeons. Cambridge. October 1999.
• Optical Coherence Tomography in the differential diagnosis of Macular Holes.
  Tanner V, Williamson T.H.
  Poster presentation. The Oxford Ophthalmic Congress, Oxford. July 1999.
• Watzke-Allen testing of Macular holes confirmed by optical coherence tomography.
  Tanner V, Williamson T.H.
  Poster presentation. Annual meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, U.S.A. May 1999.
• The Watzke-Allen sign Revisited.
  Tanner V, Williamson T.H.
  Clinical paper. British and Eire association of Vitreoretinal Surgeons. Leeds. October 1998.
• Optical Coherence Tomography and Macular holes.
  Tanner V. Scientific / Clinical paper.
  Alumni meeting, Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford. July 1998.
• Posterior Sub-tenons triamcinolone injection in the treatment of posterior uveitis: a prospective study with 6 month follow up.
  Tanner V, Frith P, Kanski J.
  Poster presentation. Awarded best poster prize. Annual Congress of Royal College of Ophthalmologists, Glasgow 1998.
• An electron microscopy study of explanted intraocular lenses from non-infected eyes.
  Tanner V, Rosen P, Skinner A, Ferguson DJP, Mc Donald B.
  XV Congress, European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Prague. Czech republic. 1997.
• Electron microscopy of explanted intraocular lenses.
  Tanner V, Rosen P, Skinner A, Ferguson DJP, Mc Donald B
  Poster presentation, Annual Congress of Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Glasgow, 1998
• Posterior Sub-tenons triamcinolone injection in the treatment of posterior uveitis.
  Tanner V, Frith P, Kanski J.
  i) Poster presentation. ARVO. U.S.A. April 1997.
  ii) Poster presentation. The Oxford Ophthalmic Congress, Oxford. July 1997.
  iii) Paper presentation. Alumni meeting, Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford. July 1997.
• Ultrasound monitoring of retinal cryotherapy.
  Tanner V, Nischal K, Kanski J.
  Free paper. The Registrars Meeting, Royal Society of Medicine, London. June 1996.
• The use of 10% Phenylephrine is an unnecessary risk prior to routine cataract surgery.
  Tanner V, Casswell A G.
  Free Paper. The Registrars Meeting, Royal Society of Medicine, London. June 1994.
• Automated chromatic sensitivity testing increases the diagnostic accuracy of Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy.
  Tanner V, Tregear S J, Ripley L G, Vickers S V.
  Free Paper. Annual Congress of Royal College of Ophthalmologists, Guernsey. April 1994.

Publications, Scientific Letters, Surgical Videos and others

Publications

• Real world outcomes of ocriplasmin use by members of the British and Eire Association of Vitreo-Retinal Surgeon
  Haynes et al
  EYE. 2017 (31), 107-112 Contributing Surgeon
• Femtosecond Laser Cataract Surgery - Better or worse ?
  Tanner V
  Literature review and GP/Optician update article; 2014
• Macular oedema in retinal vein occlusion, the role of Ozurdex Steroid implants
  D Chicharro, V Tanner
  Invited Review Article, Eye News, 2011
  
• Trends in rates of retinal surgery in England from 1968 to 2004: studies of hospital statistics.
  El-Amir AN, Keenan TD, Abu-Bakra M, Tanner V, Yeates D, Goldacre MJ. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009 Dec;93(12):1585-90.
• Optical coherence tomography of the effects of stromal hydration on clear corneal incision architecture.
  Calladine D, Tanner V. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009 Aug;35(8):1367-71.
• Kanski : Clinical Ophthalmology, A Systematic Approach
  Sixth edition. Post-graduate textbook 2007
  Chapter review: Retinal Disease. Elsevier
• Feasibility of day-case vitreoretinal surgery.
  Desai A, Rubenstein A, Reginald A, Parulekar M, Tanner V
  Eye. 2006 Jul 21
• Macular microholes: pathogenesis and natural history.
  Zambarakji HJ, Schlottmann P, Tanner V, Assi A, Gregor ZJ
  Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Feb;89(2):189-93
• Unsutured posterior chamber lens implantation in eyes requiring lens extraction at the time of pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade
  K. S. Balaggan, B. Dong, V. Tanner, W. K. Poon, T. H. Williamson
  Journal of cataract and refractive surgery. 2004 30:1:168-174
• Optical Coherence Tomography imaging of severe commotio retinae and associated macular hole.
  Ismail R, Tanner V, Williamson TH
  British Journal of Ophthalmology.2002;86:473-4
• Optical coherence tomography of the vitreo-retinal interface in macular hole formation.
  Tanner V, Chauhan DS, Jackson TL, Williamson TH
  British Journal of Ophthalmology.2001;85:1092-7
• Management of inferior retinal breaks during pars plana vitrectomy.
  Tanner V, Williamson TH.
  British Journal of Ophthalmology.2001;85:480-2
• Modern advances in macular surgery – Macular Translocation
  Tanner V.
  Comment article. Current Medical Literature – Ophthalmology. 2001
• Primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: Surgical techniques and outcomes over 20 years
  Minihan M, Tanner V, Williamson TH.
  British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001;85:546-8
• Combined Phacoemulsification cataract extraction and pars plana vitrectomy without intraocular lens implantation.
  Jackson T, Larsson J, Tanner V, Williamson TH.
  Acta Ophthalmologica scandinavica. 2001;215:271-5
• The predictive value of vitreous pigment and symptomatology in posterior vitreous detachment.
  Tanner V, Harle D, Tan J, Williamson TH, Chignell AH.
  Prospective clinical study. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000;84:1264-8
• Watzke-Allen slit beam testing of macular holes confirmed by optical coherence tomography.
  Tanner V, Williamson TH.
  Prospective clinical study. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2000;118(8): 1059-1063.
• Acute Posterior Vitreous Detachment.
  Chignell AH, Harle D, Tanner V, Williamson TH.
  Prospective clinical study and national survey. Optometry in practice. 2000;1: 97-102
  Clinical supplement to Ophthalmic and physiological optics.
• Modified sutureless sclerotomies in pars plana vitrectomy.
  Jackson T, Tanner V, Williamson TH
  Case series / correspondence. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000; 129:1. 116-117
• An electron microscopy study of intraocular lenses explanted from non-infected eyes.
  Tanner V, Rosen P, Skinner A, Ferguson DJP, Mc Donald B.
  Scientific / Clinical paper. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998;24:8.1145-51
• Posterior Sub-tenons triamcinolone injection in the treatment of posterior uveitis.
  Tanner V, Frith P, Kanski J.
  Prospective clinical study. Eye. 1998; 12.4: 679-685.
• Optimisation of out-patient resources in cataract management.
  Prasad S, Tanner V, Patel CK, Rosen PR.
  Clinical paper / audit. Eye. 1998; 12.3A: 403-406.
• Phacoemulsification and combined management of intraocular silicone oil.
  Tanner V, Haider A, Rosen P.
  Surgical technique paper. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998; 24:5: 585-591
• Radiation Keratopathy.
  Tanner V, Bron AJ.
  Case Report. British Medical Journal. 1998; 7142: 1470
• What effect does laser photocoagulation have on driving visual fields in diabetics?
  Pearson AR, Tanner V, Keightley SJ, Casswell AG.
  Clinical paper. Eye. 1998; 12:1. 64-68.
• A comparative study of the efficacy of 2.5% phenylephrine and 10% phenylephrine in mydriasis prior to routine cataract surgery.
  Tanner V, Casswell A G.
  Prospective clinical study. Eye. 1996; 10: 95-98.
• Automated achromatic contrast and chromatic discrimination sensitivity testing in dysthyroid optic neuropathy.
  Tanner V, Tregear S J, Ripley L G, Vickers S V.
  Clinical paper. Eye. 1995; 9: 354-357.
• Combined Atracurium and d-Tubocurarine muscle relaxant technique.
  Nott M R, Tanner V.
  Case series. Anaesthesia. 1993; 48:644.
• Fibronectin does not enhance the endocytosis of fibrin breakdown peptides.
  Tanner V, Knox P.
  Laboratory based study. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1988; 16: 559-560.

Letters:

• The predictive value of vitreous pigment and symptomatolgy in posterior vitreous detachment - Author's reply
  Tanner V, Chignell AH.
  Accepted. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001.
• Phacoemulsification and removal of silicone oil
  Tanner V, Haider A, Rosen P.
  Ophthalmology. 1999;106:1235-1236
• Posterior Sub-tenons triamcinolone in the treatment of uveitis
  Tanner V, Kanski JJ, Frith P.
  Eye. 1999;13:5.704
• The influence of lens delivery systems on pan-retinal photocoagulation.
  Tanner V, Rosen P. Eye. 1998; 12.4: 751-752.
• A comparative study of the efficacy of 2.5% phenylephrine and 10% phenylephrine in mydriasis prior to routine cataract surgery - Author’s reply.
  Tanner V, Casswell AG. Eye. 1997; 11:6. 947-948

Published Abstracts:

• Watske-Allen slit beam testing of macular holes confirmed by optical coherence tomography.
  Tanner V, Williamson TH.
  Invest Ophth Vis Sci. 1999; 40 (4 ): 115
• Posterior sub-tenons triamcinolone in the treatment of posterior uveitis.
  Tanner V, Frith PA, Kanski JJ.
  Invest Ophth Vis Sci 1997 ; 38 (4 ): 2439
• Early onset keratoconus and atopy. Mutation screening for gene encoding beta-subunit of high affinity Ig E receptor.
  Downes SM, Tanner V, Wensley C, Kenyon J, Black G. Invest Ophth Vis Sci 1996 ; 37 ( 3 ): 4679.

Videos:

• Combined cataract extraction, lens implantation and removal of silicone oil.
  Tanner V, Haider A, Rosen P. Surgical technique video.
  Accepted for publication. Video Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001.
• Sutureless 3 port pars-plana vitrectomy
  Tanner V, Towler H, Rosen P. Surgical technique video.
  Presented at American Academy of Ophthalmology meeting, San Francisco, U.S.A. 1997.
  Presented at Annual Congress of Royal College of Ophthalmologists, Birmingham. 1997.
• Combined cataract extraction, lens implantation and removal of silicone oil
  Tanner V, Haider A, Rosen P.
  Surgical technique video.
  Presented at Annual Congress of Royal College of Ophthalmologists, Birmingham. 1997.
  Presented at XV Congress, European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Prague. Czech republic. 1997

Other:

• The management of acute posterior vitreous detachment
  Chignell AH, Harle D, Tanner V, Williamson TH
  CD-ROM. Educational update, Optometry in practice. 2001
• The symptomatology of posterior vitreous detachment and secondary retinal
  Harle D, Tanner V, Chignell AH.
  Report to the College of Optometrists on national questionnaire of optometric referral patterns of patients presenting with symptoms of acute posterior vitreous detachment. May 1999.
• Clinical applications of an automated test of chromatic discrimination sensitivity.
  Tregear S J, Ripley L G, Knowles P J, Tanner V, de Alvis D V, Reffin J P, Vickers S V, Casswell A G, Gilday R T
  Chapter in Dalton's colour vision legacy - Published Proceedings of The John Dalton Colour Vision Conference. U.M.I.S.T., Manchester. September 1994.

Invited Speaker

VR in a day - Joint meeting Moorfields Eye Hospital and St Thomas's Hospital, London, 2015 Mr Vaughan Tanner VR in a Day, London, 2015.

Chair, free paper session, British and Eire Association of Vitreo-Retinal Surgeons, Annual Meeting 2013

Management of dislocated lens Fragments.
Annual Meeting United Kingdom and Ireland Society Cataract and Reafractice Surgeons. 2010.

Advances in Day Case Vitreoretinal Surgery – An Update
Trends in Ophthalmology meeting, London 2010

Current Trends in VR Surgery, New horizons in VR nursing
Reading 2008

Management of dropped lens fragments during phacoemulsification cataract surgery
Vitreoretinal course, St Thomas' Hospital, London. 2007

Management of dropped lens fragments during phacoemulsification cataract surgery
Vitreoretinal course, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London. February 2006

Macular Hole pathogenesis
Moorfields and St Thomas' Hospital annual VR update. London 2005

Advances in phacoemulsification cataract surgery and intra-ocular lenses
Berkshire Optometrists. March 2004

Management of dropped lens fragments during phacoemulsification cataract surgery
Vitreoretinal course, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London. March 2004

Management of age related macular degeneration
St Peter's Hospital, Chertsey. March 2004

Advances in Retinal Surgery
Windsor GP update. Feb 2004

Intravitreal Triamcinolone
Oxford Eye Hospital. Jan 2004

Chronic endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: Under-recognised and under-treated ?
Royal Society of Medicine, London. Jan 2004

Retinal Surgery
Wokingham regional GP update. June 2003

Retinal Surgery
Reading regional GP update. May 2003

Management of acute endophthalmitis following cataract surgery
St Thomas' Hospital, London. Feb 2003

Surgical Management of Age Related Macular Degeneration
Oxford Eye Hospital. Jan 2003

Management of Age related Macular Degeneration, Photodynamic Laser Therapy
Berkshire Optometrists. Dec 2002

Challenging Surgical Cases.
Vitreoretinal Surgery update. Alcon Laboratories, London. July 2002

Macular Hole Surgery
Regional Teaching. Oxford Eye Hospital. January 2002

Update on surgery for age-related macular degeneration.
Vitreoretinal Surgery update. Alcon Laboratories, London. June 2001

Seminar on retinal imaging - Optical Coherence tomography and macular holes
Royal College of Ophthalmologists Annual Congress. May 2001

Retinal detachment pathogenesis
SE Thames regional study day. Kent County Ophthalmic and Aural Hospital, Maidstone. May, 2001

Management of acute endophthalmitis – role of vitrectomy
SE Thames regional study day. Kent County Ophthalmic and Aural Hospital, Maidstone. May, 2001

Surgical options in age related macular degeneration
Age related macular degeneration update. St Thomas’ Hospital, London. January 2001

Retinal breaks - creation and detection
Vitreoretinal update course. St Thomas’ Hospital, London. January 2001

Acute endophthalmitis – review of management and role of vitrectomy
Vitreoretinal update course. St Thomas’ Hospital, London. January 2001

Surgical management of inferior retinal breaks
Vitreoretinal Surgery update. Alcon Laboratories, London. March. 2000

Chorioretinal biopsy
Trends in Ophthalmology. St Thomas’ Hospital, London. November 1999

Retinal degeneration and break development
Vitreoretinal update. Moorfields Eye Hospital, London. November 1999

Perils of prophylaxis for retinal detachment
Vitreoretinal update. Moorfields Eye Hospital, London. November 1999

Laser and surgical treatment options for macular oedema
South East Thames Regional Study Day. St Thomas’ Hospital, London. March 1999

Macular Hole Surgery and Optical Coherence Tomography
Vitreoretinal Surgery update, Alcon Laboratories, London. January 1999

Klebsiella Endophthalmitis
Trends in Ophthalmology. St Thomas’ Hospital, London. October 1998

Macular Hole Surgery
Trends in Ophthalmology. St Thomas’ Hospital, London. October 1998

Pre-operative planning and examination in Retinal Detachment Surgery
Vitreoretinal Surgery Course. St Thomas’ Hospital, London. June 1998

Performance of Conventional Retinal Detachment Surgery
Vitreoretinal Surgery Course. St Thomas’ Hospital, London. June 1998

The use of colour vision testing in the management of dysthyroid eye disease
Symposium on dysthyroid eye disease. Mayday Hospital, London. October 1995

Colour vision in dysthyroid eye disease
South East Thames Regional Study Day. Sussex Eye Hospital, Brighton. November 1995